It is therefore understandable that the constitutional prohibitions encounter their severest test when they are sought to be applied in the school classroom. " Americans regard the public schools as a most vital civic institution for the preservation of a democratic system of government. 306, 313, deep feelings are aroused when aspects of that relationship are claimed to violate the injunction of the First Amendment that government may make "no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Since undoubtedly we are "a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being," Zorach v. The Court's historic duty to expound the meaning of the Constitution has encountered few issues more intricate or more demanding than that of the relationship between religion and the public schools. we must never forget, that it is a constitution we are expounding." 4 Wheat. Almost a century and a half ago, John Marshall, in M'Culloch v.
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